HYBRID & ELECTRIC VEHICLES - E-MOBILITY
An electric vehicle (EV) is a that uses one or more electric motors for propulsion. It can be powered by a collector system, with electricity from extravehicular sources, or it can be powered autonomously by a battery (sometimes charged by solar panels, or by converting fuel to electricity using fuel cells or a generator). EVs include, but are not limited to, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft. EVs first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. Internal combustion engines were the dominant propulsion method for cars and trucks for about 100 years, but electric power remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles of all types. In the 21st century, EVs have seen a resurgence due to technological developments, and an increased focus on renewable energy and the potential reduction of transportation's impact on climate change, air pollution, and other environmental issues. Project Drawdown describes electric vehicles as one of the 100 best contemporary solutions for addressing climate change.
Electromobility (or e-Mobility) represents the concept of using electric powertrain technologies, in-vehicle information, and communication technologies, and connected infrastructures to enable the electric propulsion of vehicles and fleets. Powertrain technologies include fully electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, as well as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles that convert hydrogen into electricity. e-Mobility efforts are motivated by the need to address corporate fuel efficiency and emission requirements, as well as market demands for lower operational costs. There are 5 main constituents that structure this learning resource:
- (Battery) Battery Technology for long distances, temperature, and availability for different types of vehicles.
- (Engineering) Engineering of non-electric and non-IT-parts of the vehicle
- (ICT in Vehicles) Information and Communication Technology in vehicles are used for navigation, safety, traffic management, and entertainment.
- (Electricity Supply and Infrastructure) Electric vehicle solutions need a network and supply infrastructure equivalent to gasoline stations. Analyze the fraction of energy supply for electric mobility, which is affordable and clean according to SDG7!
- (Container Design Principle)
- (Miscellaneous) including innovation, environmental, and the socio-economic aspects of the
innovation.
- Battery Charge: connect the vehicle to electricity supply network and charge the battery or renewable energy are used to charge the battery.
- Battery Exchange: An empty battery will be exchanged or filled battery can be attached to vehicle (e.g. for extending the range). Even exchange the car can be an option to avoid long charging time (e.g. car-sharing network).
- Battery Refill: A fluid, gas or solid matter is carrier of the energy for vehicle.
- Propulsion is the study of how to design an engine that will provide the thrust that is needed for a plane to take off and fly through the air. The engine provides the power for the airplane. The study of propulsion is what leads the engineers to determine the right kind of engine and the right amount of power that a plane will need
- Materials and Structures is the study of what materials are to be used on the plane and in the engine and how those materials make the plane strong enough to fly effectively. The choice of materials that are used to make the fuselage wings, tail, and engine will affect the strength and stability of the plane. Many airplane materials are now made out of composites, materials that are stronger than most metals and are lightweight.
- Stability and Control: is the study of how to control the speed, direction, altitude and other conditions that affect how a plane flies. The engineers design the controls that are needed in order to fly and instruments are provided for the pilot in the cockpit of the plane. The pilot uses these instruments to control the stability of the plane during flight.
- Crash Test/Safety Checks: A crash test is a form of destructive testing usually performed in order to ensure safe design standards in crashworthiness and crash compatibility for various modes of transportation or related systems and components.
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